Chap. 1
Pharmacology and Drug Management
1. Adverse Drug Effects
- Gingival hyperplasia: Overgrowth of gum tissue, commonly caused by Phenytoin.
- Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity: Side effects often linked to Streptomycin.
- Tinnitus: Common side effect of Quinine.
2. Drug Formulations and Preparations
- Easily removed from skin by rinsing: Shampoo.
- High sugar concentration: Syrup.
- Homogeneous phase example: Solution.
- Semisolid with more powder: Paste.
- Vaginal suppository: Pessary.
- Vaginal agent preparations: Douches and Pessaries.
- O/W emulsion characteristics: external phase is water, internal phase is oil, conducts electricity, not greasy.
- Pharmaceutical spirit contains alcohol and volatile oils, acts as aromatic water and pharmaceutical aid.
- Non-sterile preparation example: Syrup.
3. Drug Storage and Handling
- Drugs requiring refrigeration: Insulin.
- Storage temperature example: 1.5°C - 3.3°C requires Refrigerator.
- Flammable/explosive materials must be stored separately with safety precautions.
4. Drug Classification and Mechanisms
- Non-hormonal contraceptive method: IUCD.
- Study of dosage forms: Pharmaceutics.
- Drug mechanism of Norfloxacillin: Cell wall synthesis inhibition.
- Histamine 2 blockers: Ranitidine.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant: Fluoxetine.
- Loop diuretics example: Furosemide.
- Bacteriostatic vs bactericidal drugs: Tetracycline (bacteriostatic), Erythromycin (bactericidal).
- Psychotropic substance example: Chlorpromazine.
- NRTI group drug: Zidovudine.
5. Drug Interactions and Side Effects
- Isoniazid-induced peripheral neuropathy prevented by Pyridoxine.
- Dry cough side effect in hypertension treatment: Enalapril.
- Tetracycline avoided in pregnancy due to effects on fetal bones and teeth.
- Gynaecomastia side effect linked to Cimetidine.
- Anemia associated with Zidovudine.
- Cinchonism caused by Quinine.
- Drugs causing anemia: Zidovudine.
6. Drug Administration and Pharmacokinetics
- Fastest onset of action: Intravenous injection.
- Drug bioavailability fastest in Solution form.
- Drug distribution patterns: some drugs uniformly distribute in body water, others concentrate in specific tissues.
- Drug absorption increased with fatty meal: Ketoconazole.
- Transdermal drug delivery advantages: improved compliance, reduced side effects, bypasses liver metabolism.
7. Drug Supply and Inventory Management
- Drug receiving, storing, and stock control: Procurement.
- Inventory systems: Perpetual Inventory System updates stock continuously.
- Lead time: time from order placement to product receipt.
- ABC analysis: classifies drugs by annual cost to identify major budget consumers.
- Drug quantification methods: Morbidity method estimates needs based on disease incidence.
- Consumption record document: Daily Dispensing Registry (DDR).
- Stock assessment example: calculate order quantity using formula .
8. Drug Use and Treatment Guidelines
- Tuberculosis treatment side effect (paresthesia) managed by adding Pyridoxine.
- Treatment for schistosomiasis: Praziquantel.
- Drug of choice for type 1 diabetes: Insulin.
- Drug for prophylaxis of mother-to-child HIV transmission: Zidovudine (AZT).
- Preferred hypertension treatment during pregnancy: Methyldopa.
- Treatment for manic-depressive psychosis: Lithium carbonate.
- Bronchial smooth muscle receptors: Beta 2 receptors.
- Drugs for erectile dysfunction carry cardiovascular risks.
- Opioids used as analgesics, antitussives, anti-diarrheal agents but not anti-inflammatory.
9. Quality Control and Teamwork
- Quality control focusing on process functioning: Process control.
- Quality assurance involves monitoring, testing, and planning.
- Teamwork key skill: Communication skill.
- Avoid discrimination in teamwork based on race, skin color, disability, or personal talents.
10. Communication and Counseling
- Non-verbal communication includes eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, and touch.
- Seven rights of medication administration: right patient, drug, dose, route, time, documentation, and reason (pharmacy not included).
- Counseling breastfeeding mothers on contraceptive choice to avoid reduced milk secretion.
11. Miscellaneous
- Vaccine transport and storage system: Cold chain.
- Local anesthetics combined with adrenaline to delay systemic absorption.
- Small-scale enterprise advantages: less capital requirement, use of domestic resources, potential for employment; disadvantage: high production cost.
- COVID-19 is a global pandemic with high transmission rate.
- Vitamins used in COVID-19 treatment: Vitamin C.
- Teratogenic drugs cause birth defects.
- Drug-drug interaction can lead to synergism, additive effects, or antagonism.
- Drugs not stocked in drug stores per Ethiopian regulations: Clonazepam.
- Over-the-counter drug example: Acetylsalicylic acid.
- Drugs not available orally: Gentamicin.
- Drug of choice for gastric ulcer infection: Helicobacter pylori eradication.
- Drug causing dry cough in hypertension: Enalapril.
- Drug causing peripheral neuropathy in TB treatment: Isoniazid.
- Drug causing anemia: Zidovudine.
- Drug causing cinchonism: Quinine.