Chap. 1

The Union Jack

• First version (1606) : combined cross of St George (England) and cross of St Andrew (Scotland) after crowns united.
• Current version (1801) : added Irish flag following the Act of Union with Ireland.
• Welsh flag : never included in the Union Jack.
• Use : base for flags of former British colonies (Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii).

Chap. 2

National Anthem of the UK

• No official UK anthem.
• "God Save the Queen" : de facto anthem, adopted in 1745.
• Regional anthems:
  • Wales: "Land of my Fathers"
  • Scotland: "Scotland the Brave"

Chap. 3

Cultural Reference: "Rule, Britannia!"

• Poem and song from 1740.
• Britannia : Latin name for Great Britain and allegorical figure (woman with trident and shield).
• Theme: British naval dominance.

Chap. 4

Vocabulary

• a stunt double : cascadeur
• the tune : the melody.
• heraldry : study of coats of arms and flags.
• Royal Navy : British naval force.
• rule : to dominate or control.