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Introduction to Hydrogeology

Hydrogeology is the branch of geology that studies the distribution, movement, and quality of groundwater in the Earth's crust. It integrates principles from geology, hydrology, and environmental science to understand aquifers and groundwater flow.

Fundamental Concepts

1. Groundwater and Aquifers

• Groundwater: Water located beneath the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and fractures of rock formations.
• Aquifer: A geological formation that can store and transmit groundwater.

Materials and cycle Earth

A) 🧪 Structure of an atom

![Schéma d'un atome avec électrons, neutrons et protons]

• Electron
• Neutron
• Proton

Atoms are the building blocks of matter. At the center of an atom is a nucleus, which contains even smaller particles called protons and neutrons. Surrounding the nucleus are electrons, which move rapidly in specific regions called energy shells or levels.

• Protons:
  • Have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus
  • They have a relative mass of 1 atomic mass unit

Rocks & Minerals Formation

Key Definitions

Rock : naturally occurring solid material made up of minerals. Mineral : naturally occurring inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition (e.g. gold, iron, diamond). Rock cycle : continuous movement and transformation of rocks from one type to another over time.

The Three Types of Rocks